Bahasa Inggris I (TOEFL) PT 3 : Oceanography

OLEH STMIK RAHARJA

Dosen : Arsi Yulianjani, SPd.MPd

Oceanography
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Oceanography (compound of the Greek words ωκεανός meaning "ocean" and γράφω meaning "to write"), also called oceanology or marine science, is the branch of Earth science that studies the ocean. It covers a wide range of topics, including marine organisms and ecosystem dynamics; ocean currents, waves, and geophysical fluid dynamics; plate tectonics and the geology of the sea floor; and fluxes of various chemical substances and physical properties within the ocean and across its boundaries. These diverse topics reflect multiple disciplines that oceanographers blend to further knowledge of the world ocean and understanding of processes within it: biology, chemistry, geology, meteorology, and physics.

Oceanographer/Marine Biologist

Oceanographers help us gain a better understanding of how our oceans, and living creatures in them, function as an ecosystem. Oceanography contains a wide range of jobs including engineers, marine biologists, and zoologists (people who study animals). People with skills in these and other areas are involved in oceanography because Earth has more oceans than land, and it is a huge task to understand how the oceans work. One of the better-known careers in oceanography is marine biology. While oceanographers study oceans as a whole, marine biologists focus on the living creatures in different types of water, not just huge oceans. They also study life in seas, bays, and other large bodies of water. Oceanographers may also be technicians who specialize in working on equipment used to study the oceans. Oceanography needs technicians who are able to work on boats, electronics, and specialty equipment to make sure that their experiments run smoothly. 

Oceanographers also get to travel quite a bit to do research and experiments. Although some oceanographers write technical reports in a lab, others explore the oceans. If you enjoy the water, or marine animals then you should think about a career in oceanography. 

A submarine is a watercraft capable of independent operation below the surface of the water. It differs from a submersible, which has only limited underwater capability. The term submarine most commonly refers to large crewed autonomous vessels; however, historically or more casually, submarine can also refer to medium sized or smaller vessels (midget submarines, wet subs), Remotely Operated Vehicles or robots. The word submarine was originally an adjective meaning "under the sea", and so consequently other uses such as "submarine engineering" or "submarine cable" may not actually refer to submarines at all. Submarine was shortened from the term "submarine boat", and is often further shortened to "sub".

Submarines are referred to as "boats", regardless of their size, for historical reasons because vessels deployed from a ship are referred to as boats.[citation needed] The first submarines were launched in such a manner. The English term U-boat for a German submarine comes from the German word for submarine, U-Boot, itself an abbreviation for Unterseeboot ("undersea boat").

    

Although experimental submarines had been built before, submarine design took off during the 19th century. Submarines were first widely used in World War I, and feature in many large navies. Military usage ranges from attacking enemy ships or submarines, aircraft carrier protection, blockade running, ballistic missile submarines as part of a nuclear strike force, reconnaissance, conventional land attack (for example using a cruise missile), and covert insertion of special forces. Civilian uses for submarines include marine science, salvage, exploration and facility inspection/maintenance. Submarines can also be specialized to a function such as search and rescue, or undersea cable repair. Submarines are also used in tourism and for academic research.

Submarines have one of the largest ranges of capabilities in any vessel, ranging from small autonomous examples to one or two-person vessels operating for a few hours, to vessels which can remain submerged for 6 months such as the Russian Typhoon class. Submarines can work at greater depths than are survivable or practical for human divers. Modern deep diving submarines are derived from the bathyscaphe, which in turn was an evolution of the diving bell.

Most large submarines comprise a cylindrical body with hemispherical (and/or conical) ends and a vertical structure, usually located amidships, which houses communications and sensing devices as well as periscopes. In modern submarines this structure is the "sail" in American usage ("fin" in European usage). A "conning tower" was a feature of earlier designs: a separate pressure hull above the main body of the boat that allowed the use of shorter periscopes. There is a propeller (or pump jet) at the rear and various hydrodynamic control fins as well as ballast tanks. Smaller, deep diving and specialty submarines may deviate significantly from this traditional layout.

Vocabulary:

1. Unmanned: having no crew
2. Vehicle      : n. any conveyance (use wheeled, e.g. a cart, lorry, motor car, but also a sledge) for goods or passengers on land.
3. Breakthrough: major achievement, e.g. in technology
4. Overcome  : get the better of
5. Sluggish    : adj inactive; slow moving
6. Affect     : have an influence or impression on oceanography: n. The science and study of oceanicphenomena; the science dealing with undersea space and the conducting of research such as areas as underwater transportation, communication, geography, and engineering. 
7. Oceanographer: the person who studies about ocean.
8. Vulnerable : adj that is liable to be damage; not  protected against attack
9. Submarine : adj existing, designed for use, under the surface of the sea; n. kapal selam
10. Aerial          : adj existing in, moving through, the air
11. Vantage      : n. advantage
12. Cruise         : sail about, either for pleasure, or in war,  looking for enemy ships
13. Buoy           : n. floating object, anchored to the bottom,  used to show a navigable channel or to  indicate reefs, submerged wrecks, etc.
14. Slick           : smooth, slippery 
15. Cloud        : (mass of rock, hill) A visible collection of particles of water ice suspended  air, usually at a considerable elevation above the earth’s surface. 

TOEFL MODEL TEST : READING COMPREHENSION and STRUCTURE SECTION

Recent technological advances in manned and unmanned undersea vehicles, along with breakthroughs in satellite technology and computer equipment, have overcome some of the limitations of divers and diving equipment for scientists research on the great oceans of the world. Without a vehicle, divers often became sluggish, and their mental concentration was severely limited. Because undersea pressure affects their speech organs, communication among divers has always been difficult or impossible. But today, most oceanographers avoid the use of vulnerable human divers, preferring to reduce the risk to human life and make direct observation by means of instruments that are lowered into the ocean, from samples taken from the water, or from photographs made by orbiting satellites. Direct observations of the ocean floor can be made not only by divers but also by deep-diving submarines in the water and even by the technology of sophisticated aerial photography from vantage points above the surface of the water. Some submarines can dive to depths of more than seven miles and cruise at depths of fifteen thousand feet. In addition, radio equipped buoys can be operated by remote control in order to transmit information back to land-based laboratories via satellite. 

Particularly important for ocean study are data about water temperature, currents, and weather. Satellite photographs can show the distribution of sea ice, oil slicks, and cloud formations over the ocean. Maps created from satellite pictures can represent the temperature and color of the ocean’s surface, enabling researchers to study the ocean currents from laboratories on dry land. Furthermore, computers help oceanographers to collect, organize, and analyze data from submarines and satellite. By creating a model of the ocean’s movement and characteristics, scientists can predict the patterns and possible effects of the ocean on the environment. Recently, many oceanographers have been relying more on satellites and computers than on research ships or even submarine vehicles because they can supply a greater range of information more quickly and more effectively. Some of humankind’s most serious problems, especially those concerning energy and food, may be solved with the help of observations made possible by this new technology.

Exam

1 Which of the following are NOT shown in satellite photographs?

      A.  The temperature of the ocean’s surface

      B.  Cloud formation over the ocean

      C.  A model of the ocean’s movements

      D.  The location of sea ice

2   With which topic is the passage primarily concerned?  

      A.  Technological advances in oceanography

      B.  Communication among divers

      C.  Direct observation of the ocean floor

      D.  Undersea vehicles

4  The word sluggish in paragraph 1 is closet in meaning to

     A.  nervous   B.  confuse   C.  slow moving D.  very week 

5 Divers have had problems in communicating underwater  

   because :

     A.  the pressure affected their speech organs

     B.  the vehicles they used have not been perfected

     C.  they did not pronounce clearly

     D.  the water destroyed their speech organs

6. This passage suggests that the successful      exploration of the ocean depends upon

A.  vehicles as well as divers

B.  radios that divers use to communicate

C.  controlling currents and the weather

D.  the limitations of diving equipment

7. Undersea vehicles 

  A.  are too small for a man to fit inside

B.  are very slow to respond

C.  have the same limitations that divers have

D.  make direct observations of the ocean floor

8. The word cruise in the paragraph 1 could best be replaced    by

A.  travel at a constant speed    

B.  function without problems    

C.  stay in communication

D.  remain still

9. How is radio-equipped buoy operated?

A. By operators inside the vehicle in the part underwater

B. By operators outside the vehicle on a ship

C. By operators outside the vehicle on a diving platform

D. By operators outside the vehicle on a laboratory on shore

10. Which of the following are NOT shown in satellite photographs?

A. The temperature of the ocean’s surface

B. Cloud formation over the ocean

C. A model of the ocean’s movements

D. The location of sea ice

PROBLEMS WITH CAUSATIVES

Causatives are main verbs that cause people or machines to do things or cause things to change. They are listed below in order of the most forceful to the least forceful:

make; get; have; let; help

Problem 16 : Causative MAKE

Remember that MAKE can be used as a causative. In a causative, a person does not perform an action directly. The person causes it to happen by forcing another person to do it.

        S             MAKE     someone   verb word  

His mother  made him         take           his medicine.

S            MAKE     something     verb word  

 I        made           the machine          work

Avoid using an infinitive or –ing form instead of a verb word after a person or thing in a causative with MAKE. 

Examples
Incorrect :  She made the baby to take a nap.
Correct    :  She made the baby take a nap.

Incorrect :  Professor Roger didn’t make us typed up our lab reports.
Correct   :  Professor Roger didn’t make us type up our  lab reports.

Incorrect:  Are you going to make your daughter to work part time in the store this summer?
Correct   :  Are you going to make your daughter work  part time in the store this summer

Incorrect:  I can’t seem to make this dishwasher  running.
Correct  :  I can’t seem to make this dishwasher run .

Incorrect: Pasty makes everyone doing his share  around the house
Correct  :  Pasty makes everyone do his share around the house.

Problem 17 : Causative GET

Remember that GET can be used as a causative. In a causative, a person does not perform an action directly.
GET has less force and authority than MAKE

 S  GET     someone    infinitive
Let’s   get       Ralph           to go        with us.

 S       GET     something      participle  
Let’s   get          our car          fixed        first.

Avoid using a verb word instead of an infinitive after a person in a causative with GET. Avoid using a verb word instead of a participle after things in a causative with GET.

Examples
Incorrect:  Do you think that we can get Karen takes us to San Diego?
Correct  :  Do you think that we can  get Karen to take  us to San Diego?

Incorrect:  I want to get the house paint before winter.
Correct  :  I want to get the house painted  before winter.

Incorrect:  Let’s get some of our money exchange for dollars.
Correct  :  Let’s get some of our money exchanged  for dollars.

Incorrect:  Nora got her mother’s wedding dress to alter so  that it fit perfectly.
Correct  :  Nora got her mother’s wedding dress altered  so that it fit perfectly.

Incorrect:  We will have to get someone fixing the phone right away.
Correct  :  We will have to get someone to fix  the phone right away.

Problem 18 : Causative HAVE

Remember that HAVE can be used as a causative. In a causative, a person does not perform an action directly. HAVE has even less force and authority than GET.

      S            HAVE  someone       verb word
My English teacher    had           us              give             oral reports.

S         HAVE    something participle
 I     want to have       this book              renewed,        please

Avoid using an infinitive or –ing form instead of a verb word after a person in a causative with HAVE. Avoid using a verb word or an infinitive instead of a participle after a thing in a causative with HAVE.

Examples
Incorrect:  Tom had a tooth fill.
Correct  :  Tom had a tooth filled.

Incorrect:  Have you had your temperature taking yet? 
Correct  :  Have you had your temperature taken  yet?

Incorrect:  They had their lawyer to change their wills.
Correct  :  They had their lawyer change  their wills.

Incorrect:  I like the way you had the beautician done your hair.
Correct  :  I like the way you had the beautician do  your hair.

Incorrect:  We are going to have our car fix before we go to Toronto.
Correct  :  We are going to have our car fixed before we go to Toronto.

Problem 19 : Causative LET

Remember that LET can be used as a causative. In a causative, a person does not perform an action directly. With LET, a person gives permission for another person to do it.
       
S                  LET     someone     verb word
His mother  let             him         go           to school.

S   LET        something      verb word
 I     am letting      this machine          cool

Avoid using an infinitive or an –ing form instead of a verb word after a person or thing in a causative with LET.

Examples
Incorrect:  Professor Baker let us to write a paper instead of taking a final exam.
Correct  :  Professor Baker let us write a paper instead of taking a final exam.

Incorrect:  When I was learning to drive, my Dad let me  using his car.
Correct  :  When I was learning to drive, my Dad let me use  his car.

Incorrect:  Would you let us the borrow your notes?
Correct  :  Would you let us borrow  your notes?

Incorrect:  Larry is so good-hearted, he lets people took advance of him.
Correct  :  Larry is so good-hearted, he lets people take  advance of him.

Incorrect:  Don’t let that brothers you.
Correct  :  Don’t let that brother you.

Problem 20 : Causative HELP

Remember that HELP can be used as a causative. In a causative, a person does not perform an action directly. With HELP, a person assists another person to do it.

S   HELP      someone  verb word/infinitive
He is helping   me    type  my paper
He is helping     me    to type  my paper

Avoid using an an –ing form instead of a verb word or an infinitive after a person in a causative with HELP.

Examples
Incorrect:  Her husband always helps her that she does the  laundry.
Correct  :  Her husband always helps her  do  the laundry. or
            Her husband always helps her to do  the laundry.

Incorrect:  Don’t you help each other the study for tests?
Correct  :  Don’t you help each other study  for tests? or
            Don’t you help each other to study  for tests?

Incorrect:  My teacher helped me getting this job.
Correct  :  My teacher helped me get this job. or
            My teacher helped me to get this job.

Incorrect:  Bob said that he would help our finding the place.
Correct  :  Bob said that he would help us find the place. or
            Bob said that he would help us to find the place.

Incorrect:  This book should help you understanding the lecture.
Correct  :  This book should help you understand  the lecture.
or      
      This book should help you  understand  the lecture.
            This book should help you to understand  the lecture.



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