Bahasa Inggris I (TOEFL) PT 2 : Sunspot

OLEH STMIK RAHARJA

Dosen : Arsi Yulianjani, SPd.MPd

What does sunspot mean?

Sunspots are temporary phenomena on the surface of the Sun (the photosphere) that appear visibly as dark spots compared to surrounding regions. They are caused by intense magnetic activity, which inhibits convection, forming areas of reduced surface temperature. Although they are at temperatures of roughly 3,000–4,500 K, the contrast with the surrounding material at about 5,780 K leaves them clearly visible as dark spots, as the intensity of a heated black body (closely approximated by the photosphere) is a function of T (temperature) to the fourth power. If the sunspot were isolated from the surrounding photosphere it would be brighter than an electric arc. Sunspots expand and contract as they move across the surface of the sun and can be as large as 80,000 km (50,000 miles) in diameter, making the larger ones visible from Earth without the aid of a telescope.

The manifestation of intense magnetic activity, sunspots host secondary phenomena such as coronal loops and reconnection events. Most solar flares and coronal mass ejections originate in magnetically active regions around visible sunspot groupings. Similar phenomena indirectly observed on stars are commonly called starspots and both light and dark spots have been measured.

TOEFL MODEL TEST : READING COMPREHENSION AND STRUCTURE SECTION

According to the controversial sunspot theory, great storms or eruptions on the surface of the sun hurl streams of solar particles into space and eventually into the atmosphere of our planet, causing shifts in the weather on the Earth and interference with radio and television communications.

A typical sunspot consists of a dark central umbra, a word derived from the Latin word for shadow, which is surrounded by a lighter penumbra of light and dark threads extending out from the center like the spokes of a wheel. Actually the sunspots are cooler than the rest of the photosphere, which may account for their apparently darker color. Typically, the temperature in a sunspot umbra is about 4000 K, whereas the temperature in a penumbra registers 5500 K, and the granules outside in the spot are 6000 K.

Sunspots range in size from tiny granules to complex structures  with areas stretching for billions of square miles. About 5 percent of all sunspots are large enough so that they can be seen from Earth without instruments; consequently, observations of sunspots have been recorded for thousands of years.

Sunspots have been observed in arrangements of one to more than one hundred spots, but they tend to occur in pairs. There is also a marked tendency for the two spots of a pair to have opposite magnetic polarities. Furthermore, the strength of the magnetic field associated with any given sunspot is closely related to the spot’s size. Sunspots have also been observed to occur in cycles, over a period of eleven years. After the beginning of a cycle, the storms occur between 20 and 40 degrees north and south of the equator on the sun. As the cycle continues, some of the storms move closer to the equator. As the cycle diminishes, the number of sunspots decreases to a minimum and they cluster between 5 and 15 degrees north and south latitude.

Although there is no theory that completely explains the nature and function of sunspot, several models show scientist’ attempts to relate the phenomenon to magnetic field lines along the lines    of longitude from the north and south poles of the sun. 

Vocabulary:

1. Spot: small (esp round) mark different in color from what it is on
2. Sunspot: (astron) dark patch on the sun at times, often causing electrical disturbances and interfering with radio communications
3. Storm: occasion of violent weather conditions
4. Hurl: Violently in a particular direction
5. Stream: current
6. Shifts: Change in position or direction
7. Penumbra: partly shaded region around the shadow of an opaque body (esp round the total shadow of the moon or earth in eclipse)
8. Spoke: Rod connecting the centre of a wheel to the edge
9. Account for: explain the cause of
10. Apparently: clearly seen or understood
11. Granule: Small hard piece of
12. Polarity: possession of two contrasted or apposite qualities,  principles or tendencies
13. Cycle: serious of events taking place in a regularly repeated order
14. Diminish: make or become less
15. Cluster: number of things of the same kind growing closely together
16. Latitude: distance north or south of the equator measure in degrees – garis lintang
17. Phenomenon/na: thing that appears to or is perceived by the senses
18. Longitude: distance east or west (measure in degrees) from a  meridian, esp that of Greenwich (suburb of London east and  west of which longitude is measured) – garis bujur

Exam

1. What is the author’s main purpose in the passage?

    A.  To propose a theory to explain sunspots

    B.  To describe the nature of sunspots

    C.  To compare the umbra and penumbra in sunspots 

    D.  To argue for the existence of magnetic fields in  sunspots

2. The word controversial in paragraph 1 is closet in  meaning to

      A.  widely accepted C.  just introduced 

      B.  open to debate D.  very complicated 

3. Solar particles are hurled into space by 

      A.  undetermined causes

      B.  disturbances of wind

      C.  small rivers on the surface of the sun

      D.  changes in the Earth’s atmosphere

4. The word particles in paragraph 1 refer to 

      A.  gas explosions in the atmosphere

      B.  light rays from the sun

      C.  liquid streams on the sun 

      D.  small pieces of matter from the sun 

5. How can we describe matter from the sun that enters the Earth’s atmosphere? 

      A. Very small   B.  Very hot   C.  Very bright    D.  Very hard 

6. What does the author mean by the statement Actually, the sunspots  are  cooler  than  the  rest  of  the  photosphere, which may account for their apparently darker color?

      A.  Neither sunspots nor the photosphere is hot.

      B.  Sunspots in the photosphere do not have any color.

      C.  The color of sunspots could be affected by their

            temperature.

      D.  The size of a sunspot affects its temperature.

7. The word they in the paragraph 3 refers to 

      A.  structure     B.  spots     C.  miles     D.  Granules

8. The word consequently in the paragraph 3 could best be replaced by

      A.  as a result      

      B.  nevertheless

      C.  without doubt

      D.  in this way

9. In which configuration do sunspots usually occur?

      A.  In one spot of varying size

      B.  In a configuration of two spots

      C.  In arrangements of one hundred or more spots

      D.  In groups of several thousand spots

10. How are sunspots explained? 

      A.   Sunspots appear to be related to magnetic fields on the Earth.

      B.   Sunspots may be related to magnetic fields that follow longitudinal lines on the sun.

      C.   Sunspots are explained by storms that occur on the Earth.

      D.   Sunspots have no theory or model to explain them

Problem 9   Logical Conclusions – Events that repeat

Remember that must is a modal. Must followed by a verb word expresses a logical conclusion based on evidence. The conclusion is about an event that happens repeatedly.

    S                   must       verb word         repeated time      

My friend  must            call       often.

Avoid using an infinitive or an -ing form instead of must.

Examples

Incorrect:  The light is always out in her room at ten o’clock; she must have go to bed early every                        night.

Correct :  The light is always out in her room at ten o’clock; she must go to bed early every night.          

Incorrect:  Our neighbors must having a lot of money because  they are always taking expensive trips.

Correct  : Our neighbors must have a lot of money because they are always taking expensive trips.

Incorrect:  He can like his job because he seems very happy.

Correct  : He must like his job because he seems very happy.

Incorrect:  Her English is very good; she must spoken it often.

Correct  : Her English is very good; she must speak it often.

Incorrect:  Carol always gets good grades; she should study a lot.

Correct  :   Carol always gets good grades; she must study a lot.

Problem 10 Knowledge and Ability – Know and Know How

Remember that know followed by a noun expresses knowledge

S  KNOW               noun   

 I   know            the answer.

Avoid using an infinitive after know.

Remember that know how followed by an infinitive expresses ability.

 S  KNOW          how               infinitive

 I   know              how         to answer     the question.

Examples

Incorrect:  If she knew to drive, he would lend her his car.                 

Correct  : If she knew how to drive, he would lend her his car.                 

              

Incorrect:  I don’t know to use the card catalog in the library. 

Correct  : I don’t know how to use the card catalog in the library. 

Incorrect:  Until he came to the United States to study, he didn’t know to cook.

Correct  : Until he came to the United States to study, he didn’t know how to cook.

Incorrect:  Do you know to type?

Correct  : Do you know how to type?

Incorrect:  You’ll have to help her because she doesn’t know to do it.

Correct  : You’ll have to help her because she doesn’t know how to do it.

 Problem 11   Past Custom – Used to and BE Used to

Remember that used to is similar to a modal. Used to with a verb word means that a custom in the past has not continued.

 S       used to          verb word 

He       used to          live     in the country.

Avoid using a form of be after the subject. Avoid using the incorrect form use to.

Remember that BE used to with an –ing form means to be accustomed to.

 S      BE             used to         -ing form 

He     was     used to          living in the country.

Avoid using a form of be after used to. Avoid using a verb word instead of an –ing form. Avoid using incorrect form use to.

Examples

Incorrect:  I used to was studying at the University of Southern      

                  California before I transferred here.

Correct  : I used to study at the University of Southern California before I transferred here.                   or

I used to studying at the University of Southern California before I transferred here.  

Incorrect:  We use to go to the movies quite frequently. 

Correct  : We used to go to the movies quite frequently. 

or 

We were used to going to the movies quite frequently. 

Incorrect:  She was used to get up early.

Correct  : She used to get up early. 

or 

She was used to getting up early.

Incorrect:  He was used to drink too much.

Correct  : He used to drink too much. 

Or

He was used to drinking too much.

Incorrect:  She used to speaking in public.

Correct  : She used to speak in public.

or  

She was used to speaking in public.

Problem 12 : Advisability – Had Better

Remember that had better is similar to a modal. Although had appears to be a past, had better expresses advice for the future.

S      had better     verb word 

You       had better            take chemistry 600 this semester.

S   had better     not    verb word 

You    had better     not         take      chemistry 600 this semester.

Avoid using an infinitive or a past form of a verb word. Avoid using don’t instead of not.

Examples

Incorrect:  You had better to hurry if you don’t want to miss the bus.

Correct  :   You had better hurry if you don’t want to miss the bus.

Incorrect:  We had better made reservations so that we will be sure of  getting a good table.

Correct  : We had better make reservations so that we will be sure of getting a good table.

Incorrect:  We had better to check the schedule.

Correct  : We had better check the schedule.

Incorrect:  You had better don’t quit your job until you find      

                   another one.

Correct  : You had better not quit your job until you find another one.

Incorrect:  You had better don’t go alone.

Correct  : You had better not go alone.

Problem 13 : Preference – Would Rather

Remember that the phrase would rather is similar to a modal. Although would rather appears to be a past, it expresses preference in present and future time.

S      would rather     verb word 

 I           would rather            drive.

S would rather               not     verb word 

 I      would rather               not          drive.

Avoid using an infinitive or an -ing form instead of a verb word.

Examples

Incorrect: She told me that she’d rather not to serve on the committee

Correct  : She told me that she’d rather not serve on the committee.

Incorrect:  If you don’t mind, I’d rather not going.

Correct  : If you don’t mind, I’d rather not go.

Incorrect:  He said that he’d rather went to a small college instead of to a large     

                   university.

Correct  :  He said that he’d rather go to a small college instead of to a large university.

Incorrect:  I’d rather writing this than print it because I don’t print well.

Correct  : I’d rather write this than print it because I don’t print well.

Incorrect:  Greg would rather has a Pepsi than a beer.

Correct  :   Greg would rather have a Pepsi than a beer.

Problem 14 Preference for Another – Would Rather That

Remember that when the preference is for another person or thing, would rather that introduces a clause. The other person or thing is the subject of the clause. Although the verb is past tense, the preference is for present and future time.

S would rather         that          S       V(past) 

 I      would rather          that         you      drove.

S would rather         that          S         didn’t       verb word 

 I      would rather          that         you       didn’t             drive.

Avoid using don’t or doesn’t instead of didn’t. 

Examples

Incorrect:  I’d rather that you don’t do that.

Correct  :  I’d rather that you didn’t do that.

Incorrect:  Diane would rather that her husband doesn’t working so hard.

Correct  : Diane would rather that her husband didn’t work so hard.

Incorrect:  The dean would rather that students make appointments instead of dropping by.

Correct  : The dean would rather that students made appointments instead of dropping by.

Incorrect:  My roommate would rather that I don’t keep the light on after ten o’clock.

Correct  : My roommate would rather that I didn’t keep the light on after ten o’clock.

Incorrect:  We’d rather that you should come tomorrow.

Correct  : We’d rather that you came tomorrow.

Problem 15 Negative Imperatives

Remember that an imperative is expressed by a verb word.

Please don’t     verb word 

Please don’t tell         anyone

Avoid using an infinitive instead of a verb word. 

Would you please not        verb word

Would you please not    tell          anyone

Avoid using an infinitive instead of a verb word. Avoid using don’t after would you please. 

Examples

Incorrect:  Would you please don’t  smoke   

Correct  : Please don’t smoke. or 

Would you please not smoke.

Incorrect:  Please don’t to park here.

Correct  : Please don’t park here. or              

Would you please not park here. 

Incorrect:  Would you please not to be late 

Correct  : Please don’t  be late. or

Would you please not be late   

Incorrect:  Please don’t  to go yet

Correct  : Please don’t  go yet. or

Would you please not to go yet.   

Incorrect:  Would you please don’t worry 

 Correct  :  Please don’t  worry. or

Would you please not worry.

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